Saltasaurus - Facts and Figures

Name: Saltasaurus (Greek for Salta lizard); pronounced SALT-ah-SORE-usHabitat: Woodlands of South AmericaHistorical Period: Late Cretaceous (80 to 65 million years ago)Size and Weight: About 40 feet long and 10 tonsDiet: PlantsDistinguishing Characteristics: Relatively slim build; quadrupedal posture; short neck and legs; bony plates lining back About Saltasaurus As titanosaurs go, the South American Saltasaurus was the runt of the litter; this dinosaur only weighed about 10 tons soaking wet, compared to 50 or 100 tons for more famous titanosaur cousins like Bruhathkayosaurus or Argentinosaurus. The petite size of Saltasaurus demands a convincing explanation, given that this dinosaur dates from the late Cretaceous period, about 70 million years ago; by this time, most titanosaurs had evolved to the super-heavyweight class. The most likely theory is that Saltasaurus was restricted to a remote South American ecosystem, lacking abundant vegetation, and evolved down so as not to exhaust the resources of its habit. What set Saltasaurus and other titanosaurs apart from their sauropod ancestors was the bony armor lining their backs; in the case of Saltasaurus, this armor was so thick and knobby that paleontologists initially mistook this dinosaur (discovered in Argentina in 1975) for a specimen of Ankylosaurus. Clearly, newborn and juvenile titanosaurs attracted the notice of the numerous tyrannosaurs and raptors of the late Cretaceous period, and their backplates evolved as a nominal form of defense. (Not even the most overconfident Giganotosaurus would choose to target a full-grown titanosaur, which would have outweighed its antagonist three or four times over!)

The Effects Of Lateral Violence On The Nursing Field

Nursing is a career that offers many benefits, but with it comes numerous controversies. A major controversy that is evident today is lateral violence in the workplace. Norris (2010) describes lateral violence as, â€Å"the act of threatening, humiliating, or actually inflicting physical, mental or emotional harm on a peer or group† (p. 1). This topic has become critical in the nursing field because it impacts a very large demographic. Lateral violence affects nurses, patients, and the healthcare system as a whole and there are many techniques being put in place to try and prevent its existence. Targets of Lateral Violence Lateral violence in the nursing profession obviously affects the nurse or nurses being targeted greatly. It is thought that nurses display this violence because in their careers they feel as though they do not have enough power and seem to be near the bottom of the healthcare team hierarchy. As a result, one often sees nurses take this resentment out on one another (Roberts, 2015). When one’s perception is that he or she has little power what will his or her most likely reaction be? Blair (2013) states that a lot of nurses demonstrate lateral violence in some form as a means of feeling like they have obtained some power. Nurses should be taking what power they do have and using it in a positive manner rather than belittling colleagues. Nursing entails a lot of teamwork and interaction among each other and it would be a shame to allow lateral violenceShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Lateral Violence Within The Nursing Profession?1690 Words   |  7 Pagestypes of violence, many r esearchers have exposed violence in the healthcare setting. Also referred to as workplace bullying, lateral violence, is a specific type of workplace violence that is exceedingly present in the nursing profession. Lateral violence could be considered an antonym of the terms spoken of above as it discourages their existence among nurses and other health professionals. For this reason, it is important to bring to focus the issue of lateral violence within the nursing professionRead MoreHorizontal Violence And Its Effects On Nursing1656 Words   |  7 PagesHorizontal Violence: A Detriment to Nursing Typically, when someone thinks of a bully, childhood memories of scuffles on the playground come to mind. Bullies are not usually people that are associated with adult life. However, nursing has changed this stereotypical view. For many nurses, bullying may be as great a threat every day at work as it was when they were in grade school. This threat is because of what is termed as horizontal or lateral violence in the workplace, and it is a surprisinglyRead MoreThe Effects Of Lateral Violence On The Workplace1159 Words   |  5 Pageswithin many professions in today’s society. Often referred to as lateral violence, this occurrence is no exception in the nursing profession. It is also known as ‘horizontal violence’ or ‘workplace bullying (Coursey, Rodriguez, Dieckmann, Austin, 2013). In this evidenced-based paper, information will be provided in an effort to identify causes of lateral violence in the workplace and how to encourage civility. Lateral violence is defined as acts that occur between colleagues wherein, bullyingRead MoreLateral Violence in the Workplace1270 Words   |  6 PagesLateral violence in the workplace Lona A Smeltzer Southern New Hampshire University Lateral violence in the workplace Abstract This paper explores five published articles as they relate to the concept of Lateral violence (LV) within the nursing profession and how it directly affects the work environment. The concept of LV is also known as abusive behavior, horizontal violence, bullying, aggression, horizontal hostility, verbal abuse or â€Å"nurses eating their young†. There are fourRead MoreDifference Between Violence And Lateral Violence Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesCivility and Lateral Violence in Nursing Lateral violence is a devastating phenomenon in the nursing workplace. It is also known as ‘horizontal violence’ or ‘workplace bullying (Coursey, Rodriguez, Dieckmann, Austin, 2013). In this evidenced-based paper there will be information provided to figure out why there is lateral violence in the workplace and how to incorporate civility. Lateral violence refers to acts that occur between colleagues, where bullying is described as acts perpetrated byRead MoreCivility And Lateral Violence Within Nursing1068 Words   |  5 PagesCivility and Lateral Violence in Nursing Civility in the work place, or the lack thereof, has been identified as a growing problem within many professions in today’s society. Often referred to as lateral violence, this occurrence is no exception in the nursing profession. It is also known as ‘horizontal violence’ or ‘workplace bullying (Coursey, Rodriguez, Dieckmann, Austin, 2013). In this evidenced-based paper, information will be provided in an effort to identify causes of lateral violence in theRead MoreEssay Workplace Violence in Nursing890 Words   |  4 PagesWorkplace Violence in Nursing Professional Position Paper Nurses continually strive to bring holistic, efficient, and safe care to their patients. However, if the safety and well-being of the nurses are threatened or compromised, it is difficult for nurses to work effectively and efficiently. Therefore, the position of the American Nurses Association (ANA) advocate that every nursing professional have the right to work in a healthy work environment free of abusive behavior such as bullying,Read MoreThe Effects Of Workplace Violence On Nursing1329 Words   |  6 Pages Effects and Management of Workplace Violence in Nursing Gurdeep Kaur, Virender Kaur, and Ana Tolentino Jimenez California State University, Bakersfield Effects and Management of Workplace Violence in Nursing Workplace violence occurs due to an interpersonal conflict between two or more people that results from differences in their needs, ideas, goals, interests, or values (Marquis and Huston, 2015). Workplace violence is not limited to physical violence; it also includes negativeRead MoreLateral Violence and Uncivil Behavior in a Nursing Home Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Lateral violence in nursing is a topic that is beginning to attract a lot of attention. One study showed that the higher the incidence of workplace incivility, the lower the rate of productivity (Leiws, 2011, p. 44). Others have shown a correlation in the occurrence of lateral violence and decreased productivity and increased turnover, making this an important issue to address in the field of nursing (Ostrofsky, 2012, p. 20). Lateral Violence Experience My experience with nursing incivilityRead MoreHorizontal Violence And Its Effects On Nursing1942 Words   |  8 PagesHorizontal Violence: A Detriment to Nursing Typically, when someone thinks of a bully, childhood memories of scuffles on the playground come to mind. Bullies are not usually people that are associated with adult life. However, nursing has changed this stereotypical view. For many nurses, bullying may be as great a threat every day at work as it was when they were in grade school. This threat is because of what is termed as horizontal or lateral violence in the workplace, and it is a surprisingly

Urbanism Essay Example For Students

Urbanism Essay Pieces to the Puzzle: How the Castillo and Mother Church Work UrbanisticallyPieces to the Puzzle: How the Castillo and Mother Church Work UrbanisticallyThe role of the city is to be the center of economic, political, and cultural movement. Cities have a dense population compared to the area, so careful planning must go into its development. In the U.S. alone, 55% of the population lives in cities with more than 1,000,000 people, 78% in cities with more than 100,000, and less that 3% live in agricultural areas (Angotti, Tomas. 1993). Since it is so crucial for a city with countless numbers of inhabitants to work properly, there has to be certain building types to facilitate the lives of the people. One of the most important building types is the temple. Temples through out time usually work very similarly urbanistically in the sense that they are centers of religious practice and located in key areas. A temple is a symbol of the culture; it represents the peoples beliefs and how devot ed they are to them. Temples have usually been elaborate and large scale; examples of this include the Temple of Kukulkan in Chichen Itza, Mexico, and the Mother Church in Boston, Massachusetts. The Temple of Kukulkan and the Mother Church in Boston are strikingly similar in many ways, including architecturally and how they are used by the people of the city. Chichen Itza was once one of the most powerful kingdoms of pre-Columbian America. In the time between the end of the Classic and beginning of Post-Classic period of Mayan history, around 800c.e. to 1100c.e, it was an important city for local politics, religion, and trade and was crucial to the Mesoamerican social structure. Since this city was so constantly populated, it had to be intricately designed. In order for this complex city to work, careful planning and organization had to go into the urban development in order to make this culturally diverse society. The history of Chichen Itza is quite unique when compared to other M ayan cities. Its architectural influences come from two different sources. Chichen Itza began in the Middle to Late Classic period when some of its Puuc and early Maya structures were built. The Puuc architectural style came from the hilly region west of Chichen Itza, and consisted of buildings with different proportions and construction than the future buildings in the north of Chichen Itza. Puuc buildings have rubble-filled concrete walls faced by a thin veneer of dressed stone. The exterior walls have plain lower facades supporting upper facades decorated with religious masks and geometric designs. Constructed of individually carved pieces fitted together to form a design, Puuc sculpture resembles a mosaic. The low relief stone and wood sculptured door lintels and columns resemble human figures. While older structures of southern Chichen Itza were of Puuc influence, the later built buildings of the north were of Toltec planning. Toltec elements at Chichen Itza include stepped-pyr amid temples, long colonnades, atlantean figures used as structural supports, low detached platforms faced with carved panels, and doorways formed by twin descending feathered serpent columns. (Kowalski, Jeff Karl. 1999). The result of the Toltec influence from central Mexico created architectural hybrid, known as Toltec-Maya architecture, that gave Chichen Itza a very unique distinction from other Maya ruins. This architectural convergence was a result of a Toltec invasion of the Maya in the 9th century. The Toltec were violent warriors who came from the high lands of central Mexico and invaded the Yucatan peninsula. While the Toltec were a notoriously violent tribe, they conquered Chichen Itza, but did not kill the survivors of the siege. This led to a cultural combination with unique qualities in art, architecture, and religion. The Toltec brought with them agricultural and astronomical knowledge, ball courts, artistic and architectural influences, and the worship of their feathered-serpent god Kukulkan, which was known as Quetzalcoatl before the invasion. The cult of Kukulkan introduced human sacrifice to the Maya and their strong faith led to the massive temple of Kukulkan, also known as el Castillo, or the Castle. 1Chichen Itza is not a very large city compared to other capitals. With dimensions of 6.5 by 3.2 km, the area was used more as a sacred ground than as a commercial or residential area. Early settlers arrived to Chichen Itza probably attracted by the two dozen deep, natural wells called cenotes. One of these cenotes came to be known as the sacred cenote as sacrificial human remains as well as religious offerings have been found. The use of the sacred cenote was purely religious as water could be taken from any of the other cenotes in the area. The city itself was contained behind a high wall with an irregular polygonal shape with entrances at the four cardinal directions, north, south, east, and west. The buildings were widely spread along a consistent 17 east of north, common in many Mexican sites. The openness inside the city walls placed much emphasis on the connection between man and the sky, as opposed to the worshipping the earth as other religious complexes. A new concept in re ligion replaced the earth gods with celestial worship of the sun, moon, and stars; consequently buildings and courts are open to the heavens for more effective mass communication between the gods and men. (Weaver, Muriel Porter. 1981)The main temple of Chichen Itza is the Castillo, dedicated to the god Kukulkan. The temple is located in the center of a large clearing in northern, or Toltec, Chichen Itza. The pyramid was built on top of an older pyramid, very similar in design. It was built with nine stages and a single staircase, and has a profile resembling that of Puuc structures and a temple with twin chambers on top. The temple is decorated in relief with a procession of jaguars prowling beneath a row of shields. Inside the temple, two famous artifacts were discovered; one being the Red Throne Jaguar and the other a sacrificial Chac-Mool figure. The jaguar is carved out of stone with a flat back to serve as a seat or place of offerings, painted bright red with 73 jade disks maki ng a spotted pattern, jade eyes, and fangs made of sea shells and was probably the throne of the high priest. The Chac-Mool is found in many places in Chichen Itza, but it is not certain what their purpose was, though it is believed to be used as a place for sacrifices or offerings to the gods. The inner structure of the temple of Kukulkan was probably one of the earliest erected by the Toltec in the Yucatan Peninsula. It is an excellent example of the religious custom of superposing one monument above the previous one at the end of a cycle of 52 years. (Weaver, Muriel Porter. 1981) . 2A new temple was built right over the old one. This magnificent temple was built to show the adoration of Kukulkan and it showed off the religious and political power of Chichen Itza. It reached towards the sky, it was a landmark clearly visible from anywhere through the thick jungle of Yucatan. The new pyramids square base measure 55.5 meters on each side and rises 24 meters high. There are nine different levels each with sloping walls whose facades are decorated with a rectangle motif. Each side has massive adorned monumental stairs. The principal stairway facing the north is decorated with the feathered serpent god Kukulkan on each side of the stair with huge snake-heads reaching the ground. There are 91 steps on each stair, and the four stairs add up to 364 steps. Counting the step leading to the temple there are 365 steps, the same amount of days in a solar year. According to Arqueologia Mexicana, a Mexican archeology magazine, the problem when the number of steps caused such d ebate about counting the step to the temple as a calendrical symbol and in actuality some investigators have suggested that the coincidences are owed more to the hand of the restorer than the intention of the Maya builder. (Castillo, Agustin Pena. 1998)The entrance to the sanctuary faces north and has a portico divided into three doors by two columns carved to look like plumed snakes, the symbol of Kukulkan. The head served as the base, the body as the shaft, and the tail as the capital. Inside the temple there are corbelled vaults sculptured with richly dressed warrior figures. The portico gives access to a narrow gallery that surrounds the temple with doorways facing the other three stairways. The facade is adorned with a mask of the rain god Chac above the doorway and a plain frieze with square triglyphs and metopes. The architrave and cornice are both simple and geometrically decorative. (Castillo, Agustin Pena. 1998). Electronic Arts Strategic Management Essay6The construction of the Christian Science Center was part of Bostons urban renewal process. Massachusetts Avenue is a street situated in the heart of the city, and is an active commercial center. One would think it is impossible to have an open space on Mass. Ave, but The most monumental public space in Boston has been created in the Christian Science complex (Southworth, Michael and Susan. 1992). The complex has created an enormous open space right in the center of Boston, creating a pleasant scenario and making it more easy to admire the great buildings, in particularly the Mother Church. There are fountains and a beautiful reflection pool, which make the area cooler in the summer and more pleasant to the eye, as well as being used as a symbol of rejuvenation. It is definitely a refuge from the street, says architect Ann Beha, who was in charge of designing the Mary Baker Eddy Library for the Betterment of Humanity (Hildner, Jeffrey. 200 2). 7The Christian Science Center Plaza has many uses. The church is used for weekly services and it is open for visits every day. It also hosts the June Annual Meeting, where members from 134 countries come to the church to unite in prayer (Anonymous. Architecture- The Mother Church Extension). Other buildings of the complex are also important. There is a Mapparium where people can walk through observe a 3 story stained glass globe showing all of the countries of the world and how ideas have been spread. The Christian Science Center is a very important area of Boston. It is a religious sanctuary, a center of learning (religious, social, and geographical), and an open plaza for people to enjoy. There are many similarities in how the Castillo in Chichen Itza and The Mother Church in the Christian Science World Headquarters work urbanistically. They are both massive structures, built over pre-existent and small temples, designed to bring pride to the followers of that faith. They show the power of the religion and preserves its status in its magnificent architecture. They were also both set in an open area, to allow for mass gatherings and to show its true size without any obstructions. Mass pilgrimages to Chichen Itza took place to see the coming of Kukulkan, just as people all over the world come to the Mother Church in June for the annual meeting. They were both near trade sites, but yet totally isolated from the city. They were both part of a complex which spread truth and knowledge, with schools and observatories such as the Caracol and the Mapparium. They both used water as a sacred symbol, Chichen Itza having sacred cenotes, and the Christian Science Center with its lo ng reflecting pool and fountains. While these two temples are enormous and just as important as they are large, their use is optimized by the complex they are found in which allows them to be fully used by the city and surrounding area, and even the world. These two buildings were built in order to facilitate as well as enhance the visual surroundings and to show a sign of faith. They are pieces of the urbanistic puzzle that the city would be complete without. BibliographyAngotti, Tomas. Metropolis 2000. Routledge. New York, NY. 1993Anonymous. Architecture- The Mother Church Visitor Information Pamphlet. Anonymous, The First Church of Christ, Scientist. Visitor Information PamphletAnonymous. Architecture- The Mother Church Extension. Visitor Information PamphletCano, Olga. Guia de Viajeros: Chichen Itza, Yucatan. Arqueologia Mexicana Jan-Feb 2002: 80-87Castillo, Agustin Pena. El Castillo de Chichen Itza. Arqueologia Mexicana March-April 1998: 38-41Helefritz, Hans. Mexican Cities of the Gods. Frederick A Praeger, Publishers. New York, NY. 1968Hildner, Jeffrey. A Design Tradition of Simplicity and Excellence. Christian Science Journal Sept. 2002: 29-31Kowalski, Jeff Karl. Mesoamerican Architecture as a Cultural Symbol. Oxford University Press, inc. New York, NY. 1999Southworth, Michael and Susan. American Institute of Architecture Guide to Boston. The Globe Pequot Press. Guilford, CT. 1992Weaver, Muriel Porter. The Aztecs, Maya, and Their Predecessors. Academic Press, inc. New York, NY, 1981Williams, Peter W. Houses of God. University of Illinois Press. Chicago, IL. 1997Photographic Bi bliography1. http://americanindian.net/mayaa.html2. http://www.culturefocus.com/guatemala.htm3. http://www.diagnosis2012.co.uk/5.htm4. http://www.citybuzz.com/images/photo/text/BackBay/cscience1.htm5. http://www.citybuzz.com/images/photo/text/BackBay/cscience3.htm6. http://www.tfccs.com/gv/tmc/tours/TMC_tours.jhtml7. http://www.flatland.org/erewhon/travel/ us/ma/boston-jul-98.html

Travel Tech Security

Prevention and appropriate response strategies are some of the measures that can be taken to deal with loss of data or electronic devices. However, there are other tools and safety mechanisms that can be applied. It is important to be aware of some of the dangers that people are exposed to when they travel and how they can avoid losing data and devices. Some of these risks have been brought about by the rapid technological developments. It is easy for travelers to lose their electronic devices lost or even having them stolen while they travel.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Travel Tech Security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theft cases of traveller’s luggages at the airports have increased in the recent past. Other portable devices such as laptops, phones, cameras and tablets have also been targeted by thieves. Their small size makes it easy for thieves to pick them either from bags or the owners. In a ddition, they return quick money for thieves and store sensitive and confidential information. For example, it is likely for smartphones to contain apps like notes or email apps that carry information about passwords and other services or log-in data. If thieves gain access to such information and a credit card, then they can steal money from the account of the victim. They can also use the information to steal one’s identity. It would be unbelievable for individuals to travel to a different country without information that they cannot enter into the country because their identity has been stolen. It is surprising that the identity of an individual can be stolen so easily by people with bad intentions. The procedure is not necessarily stealing information from the electronic devices. They could be cases of fake booking sites, keystroke readers in cyber cafes and risky WI-FI. Thieves can access private and confidential details in different ways. Individuals should not be afrai d of hardcore criminals only in terms of data security. They should also be careful enough to identify suspicious individuals who might gain access to their private information. Sensitive information should always be kept private (Mickaiel 4). Loss of data and communication devices is an important concern in Information Systems Profession. This is because the profession focuses on electronic data storage and transfer. Data security therefore becomes an important concern. With the advent of technology, methods of data storage have changed significantly. This implies that professionals in the field of Information Systems must look for ways of preventing loss of data and portable electronic devices. In addition, they should come up with ways of recovering data in case of loss. One of the most effective ways of ensuring that data loss does not lead to adverse effects is to have data back ups. When travelers carry files with sensitive information as they travel, they should create back u ps of the same files and store them in different places. In case of loss or theft, the back ups can be used to retrieve crucial information.Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, cloud data services may be of great use to travelers. Different companies offer free services such as Dropbox and Google Drive among others that can benefit travelers (Newman 3). Although cloud service may not be the most appropriate method of storing confidential information, it is convenient when storing documents used frequently. They are also not restricted in terms of access and can be accessed from different places via the internet. Travel tech security is important in Information Systems Profession because data security is paramount in the profession. Works Cited Mickaiel, Irene. 2012. Travel tech security tips. 2012. Web. Newman, Jared. 2012. Microsoft to build its own Windows Phone, reports say . 2012. Web. https://www.pcworld.com/article/2010995/microsoft-to-build-its-own-windows-phone-reports.html. This essay on Travel Tech Security was written and submitted by user Mohamed Noble to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Shaving Policy for Males for US Armed Forces Essay Example

Shaving Policy for Males for US Armed Forces Essay Example Shaving Policy for Males for US Armed Forces Essay Shaving Policy for Males for US Armed Forces Essay In my rush to prepare for the day, I missed a spot shaving. Of course, this is a new experience for me, since I had been proudly shaving since middle school when I had but four whiskers sprouting and would ask my parents, in my 14-year-old unreliably squeaking voice, to pick up a pack of Bic shavers while they were at the grocery store. Since that time, I have produced more than my initial four whiskers and now have too many to count. As I have developed calloused and rough hands from doing heavy duty on a daily basis, it is not impossible to miss a few spots while shaving. That is no excuse, however, for not having full and comprehensive understanding of the US Armed Forces shaving and facial hair policy for males.There will be no beards in the military, unless for health reasons. If there are health reasons for facial hair, an exemption will be authorized by the commanding officer on advice of the medical officer. If facial hair is authorized by the commanding officer as recommende d by the medical officer, the beard must be trimmed so that it does not exceed  ¼-inch in length.   If granted a shaving waiver, members will not shave any facial hair, keeping it at no more than  ¼-inch in length.Mustaches, if authorized, will not extend below the upper lip or sideways beyond a vertical line drawn upward from the corners of the mouth. Sideburns must be neat and taper in the same manner as the haircut, be straight and even and not extend below the bottom of the exterior ear opening. Unless you are in the Navy, in which case sideburns must not extend below the middle of the ear, with no flares or mutton chops.As there are no beards in the military unless a health wavier is granted, that means no facial hair will be present at any time. All shaving will be result in an absence of facial hair from the bottom of the orbital socket to the bottom of the Adam’s apple and laterally from the jaw line distal to the ear to the opposing jaw line distal to the ear, exclusive of side burns that meet standards.To comply with shaving standards of the US Armed Forces, I will not appear unless clean shaven and will maintain policy at all times. Unless I was to have a medical reason for a shaving waiver authorized by my commanding officer on the advice of a medical officer, I should not appear without a cleanly shaven face. A cleanly shaven face demonstrates respect for the uniform and the standards of the finest military in the world. A cleanly shaven face demonstrates a high regard for military policy and a high regard for the rest of personnel in my unit. A cleanly shaven face is simply part of a soldier’s or sailor’s uniform and should be treated with the regard and respect the uniform portends.Therefore, in clear understanding of the importance of a cleanly shaven face in compliance with shaving standards of the United States Armed Forces, I promise to never again be remiss in my shaving practices lest I appear ungroomed or unkemp t.

Prominent advices from Steve Jobs that can change your life

Prominent advices from Steve Jobs that can change your life Top 10 Steve Jobs rules for success What made Steve Jobs so successful and outstanding man? Is this luck, hard work or talent? Perhaps, there is no obvious and decisive answer for the questions of such kind. All these things and a lot of other factors can be the componential part of success, but we can hardly determine all details and algorithms. Anyhow, we know for sure some rules that were followed by Steve Jobs and think that they can be the things we all need to learn. Don’t live a limited life Do not let other people’s needs and opinions to become your goals in the life. Very often we depend on what people say and what they want, instead of doing what we want to do. For sure, it does not mean to be careless to people, whom you love, or to be selfish, but set boundaries and follow your goals instead of living the life of other people. Have a passion To become successful within the sphere or activity, one should be obsessive about it. Only those people, who take care and gun for it with all one’s heart, can understand what is relevant for the market and for the customers. Design yourself Be the master of your life and design it in the way you like. You live once and there will be no other opportunity to repeat all these things. Never forget that the most of chances, which you receive, are the unique opportunity, which should be used here and now. Sell nice products Selling of some sorts of crap can hardly make you the top businessman. Even if you manage to earn some money, remember that it is the short term luck. If the quality of the product is low, the customer will not come to you twice and the reputation will be corresponding. Just think how Steve Jobs refined Apple and how it is appreciated by the buyers. Do it not for money There can be the goals of innovation and enrichment of people’s life, but not the financial benefit. Purposes of becoming rich are very limited and they can hardly lead to outstanding achievements. Be proud of your products   It is great if you produce something what you can offer your friends and family without hesitation and be sure in the positive result. Create something with the high-quality and pride yourself on what you do. Build a great team   Your team is your allies on the way to success and the result depends on each of them. It is very important to find someone, who thinks the same way as you think and does his or her best for the company. Passionate and concerned people embody the strength of your undertaking. Consider needs of your customer Customers represent the group of people, who determine a lot of your business actions and the way you perform them. No matter what your customers deal with, you need to show your interest and respect to this activity. You are obliged to understand demands, gain trust and respect; these things will make your customers pleased to partner with you. Marketing is about Values   The correct marketing message enables your customers to understand who you are and what you do. Sometimes it is really important to announce to public what are you standing for. Stay Hungry, Stay Foolish   Never stop and never give up. Having made some breakthrough with your business or having faced the failure, one should go forward. Research, think, imagine and create, the more your deep yourself into the business you do, the better is the reward. Follow the wisdom of the person, who has left the prominent trace in the life of our society, and search your own success factors and rules.

Employment relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Employment relations - Essay Example Employment relation is used to exist when an individual performs services or works under several conditions in return for salary or wage. It also can be defined as the obligations and rights created between employees and employers. Employment relations have three important faces, such as problem solving, science building and ethical. In the science building phase, employment relation assumes that labour markets are not perfectly competitive. In addition to this, employment relation scholarship also assumes that there are some conflicts of interests used to exist between employees and employers due some particular aspects, such as higher profits versus higher wages. The concept and root of employment relation emerged during industrial revolution. It has created modern employment relationship by generating large-scale industrial organizations and free labour markets. It is true that global societies wrestled with several massive economic, social and political issues. Now-a-days, the as pect of good employment relation has become necessary for each and every large and small organization as it is highly important to retail skilled and effective employees in this competitive global market place. The essay will critically analyze and evaluate the importance of employment relations to the successful organizations. It is true that several leading organizations in this world are trying to enhance effective relationship between the employers and employees in order to maintain their existing position in market pace. It is true that employment relations can be considered as a valuable part of industrial relations. Employment relations have its roots in the industrial relation. The concept of employment relation was emerged due to several industrial issues, such as long working hours, low wage rate of labours, abusive supervisory practice, and dangerous and monotonous work. High employee

GRENDEL BY JOHN GARDNER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

GRENDEL BY JOHN GARDNER - Essay Example In  Grendel,  however, he is an intelligent and temperamental monster, capable of rational thought as well as irrational outbursts of emotion. The novel follows Grendel through three stages of his life. The first stage is his childhood, which he spends innocently exploring his confined world, untroubled by the outside universe or philosophical questions.  The second step, which decisively makes Grendel an adult, occurs when the bull attacks him, prompting him to realize that the world is essentially chaotic, following no pattern and governed by no discernible reason. The third and final stage of Grendel’s life encompasses his fatal battle with Beowulf and the weeks leading up to that battle. In this reading, Gardner establishes Grendel as a dark, but poetic spectator to man’s pretensions to civilization (Merrill 164). For instance, Grendel has observed Hrothgar’s rise to power, so he offers a sardonic account of how roving bands evolved into savage tribes. Grendel is also contemptuous of the Shaper’s influence on Hrothgar’s men, and he asks â€Å"Did they murder each other more gently because in the woods sweet songbirds sang?† (Gardner 62). This is where he emphasizes the dangerous allure of art, that is, he exposes the irrepressible human tendency to substitute unpleasant realities with consolatory myths (Merrill 165). The Shaper, for example, tells the Danes stories of their heritage so that the Danes learn to see themselves within a certain moral context, as inheritors of a proud tradition and consequently feel a need to adhere to the strict moral and ethical code that the Shaper has established.  This crystal clear vision of wha t they need to believe in to make their world a meaningful one comforts them. They feel safe in a world which offers a clear distinction and role assignment: kings are kings, warriors are warriors and monsters are monsters. Unlike them, Grendel is not oblivious to the fact that what they

The Speckled Band Essay Example for Free

The Speckled Band Essay The plot of The Speckled Band was designed in a particular format to appeal to a Victorian audience. Throughout the story Doyle builds up tension. From the distraught Miss Roylott, through to the night spent in the Roylott house, both danger and suspense are introduced. The Victorians would have liked this it was an accomplishment of the new detective fiction genre: using evil and horror to engage and sustain the readers interest. The exotic animals from around the house and the gypsies staying in the grounds help to make the whole tale extraordinary. This would have appealed to the Victorians because they had very little information about foreign animals and would have led a very protected life. Much of the information found in The Speckled Band would be new to them. The tale provided them with an opportunity to acquaint themselves with the foreign, unfamiliar and dangerous. W H Auden outlined what he believed was a standard detective fiction plot, a murder occurs; many are suspected; all but one suspect, who is the murderer, are eliminated; the murderer is arrested or dies. Doyles The Speckled Band fits this format almost perfectly. The introduction, when a murder should occur, involves a woman, Miss Stoner, with her sister recently murdered, fearing for her own life. This fits perfectly with Audens idea. Many potential suspects are included in the complication; the animals, gypsies and Dr Roylott. All of these have both opportunity and reason to have committed the murder. In Audens plan all the suspects, apart from the murderer, should now be eliminated. However, this is where, The Speckled Band differs slightly from the standard. Even though it is made clear that it is unlikely the animals attacked or the gypsies murdered Miss Roylott, by showing the doors and windows were well closed, and Holmes, after a careful examination through the open window, endeavoured in every way to force the shutter open. Holmes still has not completely excluded these suspects. The end, in which the murderer should be arrested or dies, is also included in The Speckled Band when Dr Roylotts scheme backfires, killing him. The story also fits in with the standard opening, complication, climax, resolution pattern. The introduction, suspects, stake out and death fit these slots. Victorians would have appreciated such a neat, orderly structure. Doyle ends the story in such a way as to provide a satisfying conclusion. All loose ends are tied up and the murderer is caught. The neat ending would have appealed to the Victorians sense of order but there is also an unmistakeable moral message. The way in which Dr. Roylott is caught shows Doyles own views coming forward. Doyle obviously believes in adhering to law and never resorting to violence. This is also shown by the line: Violence does, in truth, recoil upon the violent. This message of good triumphing over evil is found in all of Doyles Sherlock Holmes stories. Even though the stories may include topics that are foreign or dangerous to a Victorian audience, the righteous ending would make them feel justified in reading them. Doyle adds to the tension of The Speckled Band through his use of locations and the weather. The Roylott house would have seemed, to Victorians, to be the perfect location for a murder. The house is large, old and in need of repair work. This would make it seem spooky and more sinister. The weather also adds to this effect. Before Holmes and Watson arrive the weather is calm and warm, there was a strange contrast between the sweet promise of spring and this sinister quest upon which we were engaged. This helps to build up an anticipation of troubles yet to come. When it comes for the time for the duo to begin the stake out, the weather reflects their mood, on the dark road, a chill wind blowing in our faces the gloom to guide us on our sombre errand. The darkness and even the chill wind are often used to symbolise evil or a menace and help to build up a sense of impending danger. In conclusion I believe that even though Doyle wrote The Adventures Of The Speckled Band with Victorian views and preferences in mind he did not let it completely change his writing style. This is revealed by the fact that even today, years after the stories were written, they still appeal to the contemporary audience. The friendship between Holmes and Watson, the logical deductions and the triumph of good over evil still appeal in modern day. There are few things, such as the reliance on men of Miss Stoner, which do not fit in with modern society and views.

Impact Of Television in Presidential Coverage Essay -- essays research

In the 1950's, television, having been introduced to political coverage as a new medium, surpassed the dominance of newspaper and radio media as the primary public source of information regarding politics by 1962. Political processes and events of various measures were all soon televised in recognition of overwhelmingly positive public feedback. By the 1970's, live coverage of major political events were as common as seeing grass on the ground. Through the impact of television, political campaigns and elections have never been the same as they were before 1952– the presidential race between Dwight Eisenhower and Adlai Stevenson. Political advertising enthusiast and author, Frank Biocca, states that this race was â€Å"essential to campaigning as we know it today†Ã¢â‚¬â€œ creating a gateway in American politics as the Eisenhower campaign called upon product advertising executive, Rosser Reeves, to produce a series of short spot commercials to enhance Eisenhower’s image in the public eye. These ads, which were as well crafted as any product ad, appeared during commercial breaks of television programs and were the first of its kind. These pro-Eisenhower commercials, which Stevenson refused to do, helped shape a caring, friendly, and devoted persona of Eisenhower into the minds of the masses which is credited to his electoral victory. Although Stevenson acknowledged the power of television, producing ads for his 1956 race, he still wasn’t able to thwart Eisenhower’s already-established popularity among the American people. Political advertising in the use of television has become so significantly renown that it is the â€Å"major form of communication among candidates and the voters they seek to reach out to† according to Richard Brody, Stanford University Press. In realization of Eisenhower’s success, every presidential campaign since 1952 has relied extremely on political ads. 40 years later, the political parties of George Bush, Bill Clinton, and Ross Perot spent over $110 million for the production and air time of television spots during the 1992 presidential race as reported in the â€Å"Social Science Quarterly† of June 1993. Presidential victory is not the only concern of a particular political party, however, as 50-75% of the campaign budget for Senate and Congressional seats goes to televised political advertiseme... ...ssing the President: The Media, Elite Opinion, and Public Support. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1991. Chomsky, Noam (1989); Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies. Boston Biocca, Frank (1991); Television and Political Advertising (Vols.: I & II). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. Patterson, Thomas, and Robert McClure. 1976. The Unseeing Eye: The Myth of Television Power in National Politics. New York: Putnams. Anonomous. "Television News and Presidential Campaigns: The Legitimization of Televised Political Advertising." Social Science Quarterly (Austin, Texas), June 1993. Cundy, Donald T. 1986. "Political Commercials and Candidate Image: The Effect Can be Substantial." Mutz, Diana C. 1995. "Effects of Horse-Race Coverage on Campaign Coffers: Strategic Contributing in Presidential Primaries." The Journal of Politics 57(4):1015-1042. Kraus, Sidney (1988); Televised Presidential Debates and Public Policy. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. Cunningham, L. (1995); Talking Politics: Choosing the President in the Television Age. Westport, CT: Praeger.

American Inequality in American Psycho Essay

Set in the Manhattan of 1989, Brett Easton Ellis’s novel American Psycho sketches the life of Patrick Bateman, an attractive 26-year-old Harvard graduate who earns a six-figure income on Wall Street. Bateman and his Ivy League educated friends enjoy all the luxury Manhattan has to offer, including expensive restaurants, exclusive nightclubs and excessive amounts of cocaine. However, what their money, education and beauty truly affords them is the right to humiliate, harass, and in Bateman’s case to kill, those in the social classes beneath them. The satirical, yet horrific, story that unfolds throughout American Psycho highlights the inequality between the richest and poorest Americans, a gap that widened substantially in the 1980s thanks in part to the economic policies of Ronald Reagan. In addition to reducing the tax rate on wealthy Americans from 70% to 28%, President Reagan authorized deregulation that encouraged corporate mergers and made cuts to social programs that left many Americans homeless (Foner 1037). By reducing the tax rate, Reagan intended to encourage sound private investments thereby creating jobs. However, many affluent Americans used the money saved in taxes to purchase luxury products instead. Corporate mergers, or more bluntly corporate takeovers, spurred the deindustrialization of America. While deindustrialization eliminated many high-paying manufacturing jobs and left several Americans unemployed, the corporate takeovers that spurred the deindustrialization created a tremendous amount of wealth on Wall Street. Reagan also reduced funds allotted for public housing and psychiatric hospitals. This fiscal decision only increased the number of homeless individuals across America, especially in urban areas such as New York City (Foner 1037-40). Throughout American Psycho Bateman’s Wall Street cohorts address the rampant homelessness in Manhattan with a mixture of contempt and amusement. In the first pages of the novel, Timothy Price, a young stockbroker on his way uptown, complains about his six-figure income as he counts the thirtieth homeless person he has seen that day (3-7). Leaving an exclusive nightclub, Craig McDermott, another rich stockbroker, teases a homeless woman and her child with a single dollar bill before setting it on fire (210). Bateman, however, is more sadistic than his friends are. Before mutilating and killing a homeless man, Bateman offers the man money but asks him why he does not get a job. When the man says he was laid off, Bateman asks rhetorically, â€Å"Do you think it’s fair to take money from people who do have jobs? Who do work?† (129-30) The text contains a strong theme of Social Darwinism. Bateman and his friends do not feel a twinge of guilt over their treatment of those less fortunate because they adhere to the belief that the underclass deserves the mistreatment society allots them, just as the privileged are entitled to the special treatment society grants them. Although Ellis addresses the gap between the rich and poor in America through mordant satire, his depiction of the yuppie lifestyle and how the homeless are treated is not entirely hyperbolic. While on vacation in New York City, I observed the hostile and often indifferent treatment the homeless receive. In the financial district of Manhattan only blocks from Wall Street, I saw a young, well-dressed professional woman nearly bump into a homeless man and, after glaring at him for a moment, remarked, â€Å"You’ve got to be kidding me.† In Patrick Bateman’s world, a world where the privileged enjoy a lavish lifestyle, no one asks why. Their sense of entitlement overrides their curiosity, so that not a single character asks why the homeless line the streets. In the preface to American Psycho Ellis quotes a lyric from a Talking Heads song that reads, â€Å"And as things fell apart, nobody paid much attention.† In that novel, and perhaps outside it, things fell apart, and nobody paid much attention. Works Cited Ellis, Brett. American Psycho. 1st ed. New York City: Vintage, 1991. Print. Foner, Eric. Give Me Liberty! 2nd ed. Vol. 2. New York City: W. W. & Norton, 2007. 1037-140. Print.

What Causes A Crisis

Such a question may at first seem unanswerable because there are so many different kinds of unpleasant situations into which we humans can get ourselves. In one word, however, the real culprit is probably ignorance. Ignorance, as used here, does not imply a lack of formal education, since one frequently sees highly educated persons getting into serious personal crises. Real ignorance is a lack of understanding of the law of cause and effect in our own lives. Many of us seem to think that we can do whatever feels good–acquire wealth, achieve status, pursue romantic conquests, eat heartily, and so forth– ften at the expense of others, without ever having to concern ourselves with the consequences of such living. We foolishly ignore the karmic wisdom expressed in those popular phrases: â€Å"What goes around comes around. † and â€Å"Whatsoever a man sows, that shall he also reap. † Pain, unpleasant as it may be, is our stern benefactor. It teaches us vital lessons as to the conduct of our lives. Feeling pain means that something just isn’t working and that it’s time to change ourselves or get help through another’s experience. Getting help is a wise first step toward overcoming ignorance. When we hurt and really need the help, we listen attentively with mind and heart. We begin to learn those lessons which will prevent us from getting into similar predicaments later on. Some of us have to suffer consequential pain over and over before we are finally ready to seek out its causes. But eventually we say â€Å"Enough! and get to work. What if the crisis is not our fault, we might ask. Frequently a crisis victim who thinks himself to be blameless will lash out at society, chance, God, fate, the system, his family, or whatever other abstraction it is most convenient to blame. But the threads of cause and effect are many and multicolored. Our puny minds can hardly know for sure how or when an effect will blossom from a previous cause, nor what combinations of circumstances are being dealt to us by our own past choices. We are the masters of our future because we are free beings, but we are equally the slaves of our past and must pay folly’s price. Helpers in many different roles are available to give us the timely aid we need when in crisis. There are friends, psychiatrists, pastors, counselors, teachers, crisis line operators, doctors, nurses, social workers, nd numerous other sources of reeducation when we are up against a wall. If we will only ask them, they can help us overcome that ignorance which has, at least in part, caused us our present agony. Situations are many and varied, but it is safe to say that a situation never becomes a crisis until it involves pain. Pain spurs us on to ask, and exactly at that point is where solid and beneficial learning can begin. Whatever our diplomas and degrees, this is the only real learning. It is this learning that sets us free. Ignorance, mistakes, pain, learning, freedom–so goes the eternal cycle of human evolution.

MMRDA - Smart BKC EOI-4.0 Final Essays - Geography Of Mumbai

MMRDA - Smart BKC EOI-4.0 Final Essays - Geography Of Mumbai Page 1 of 18 Expression of Interest (EOI) Implementation of Smart BKC initiatives in Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai For: Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) Ref Number: Date: 10th September, 2014 In-charge, Information Technology Cell Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority 2nd Floor, A wing Bandra Kurla Complex Bandra (East), Mumbai- 400-051 Tel: 022-26595919 Fax: 022-26595943 Email: [emailprotected] [emailprotected] Page 2 of 18 Table of Contents 1. Key Events and Dates...................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Introduction....................................................................................................................................................... 4 3. Vision Smart BKC 1.0 ...................................................................................................................................... 5 4. Purpose of Global EOI ..................................................................................................................................... 8 5. Qualification Criteria......................................................................................................................................... 8 6. Joint venture/ Consortium ................................................................................................................................ 9 7. EOI Selection Process ..................................................................................................................................... 9 8. EOI Submission process................................................................................................................................ 10 9. Clarifications on the EOI ................................................................................................................................ 11 10. General Terms & Conditions...................................................................................................................... 11 11. Annexure A - EOI Template....................................................................................................................... 13 Section-1: Covering Letter................................................................................................................................. 13 Section-2: Company Profile ............................................................................................................................... 14 Section-3: Financial Details of the Lead Bidder................................................................................................. 16 Section-4: Financial Details of the Consortium Partner if any; .......................................................................... 16 Section 5: Technical Approach & Case Study................................................................................................... 17 12. Annexure B Snapshots on Smart BKC 1.0 ............................................................................................. 18 Page 3 of 18 1. Key Events and Dates The EOI shall be submitted through online e-tendering portal of MMRDA only etendermmrda.maharashtra.gov.in. S. No Information Details 1) Advertising Date 10th September, 2014 2) Download Date From 10th September , 2014 to 20th October September, 2014 3) Last date of receipt of Queries/Clarifications via email to [emailprotected] 24th September 2014 4) Pre Bid Meeting 26 th September 2014 at 3.00 pm 5) Last date (deadline) for online submission of bids at etendermmrda.maharashtra.gov.in 28th October, 2014 till 6.00pm 6) EOI Transfer date 28th October, 2014 till 7.01pm to 29th October 2014 till 3.00pm 7) Place of Pre Bid Meeting Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority Committee room, 6 th Floor, B wing Bandra Kurla Complex Bandra (East), Mumbai- 400-051 Tel: 022-26595919 Page 4 of 18 2. Introduction Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) was set up on the 26th January, 1975 under the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority Act, 1974 by the Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region comprising of Mumbai and its influence area. The Authority declared under the act is a highest policy making body, having perpetual succession and a common seal with power, subject to the provisions of the Act, to acquire, hold and dispose of property, both moveable and immovable and to contact and to sue and be sued in its corporate name. At the apex is the Authority presided by the Minister of Urban Development Department, presently the Honble Chief Minister. At the second and intervening tier is the Executive Committee presided by the Chief Secretary to the State Government. The third tier is headed by the Metropolitan Commissioner assisted by the Additional Metropolitan Commissioner and other head of departments and supporting staff/officers. Organizational Overview- Snapshot MMRDA prepares plans; formulates policies and programs; implements projects and helps in directing investments in the Region. In particular, it conceives, promotes and monitors the key projects for Page 5 of 18 developing new growth centers and brings about improvement in sectors like transport, housing, water supply and environment in the Region. With the challenges of demographic change, population growth, climate change, Urbanization, it is essential that our cities allow future generations to not only sustain but also thrive. We envision a world where digital technology and intelligent design are harnessed to create smart, sustainable cities with high quality living. MMRDA being the apex Planning and Policy making body in the State has envisaged to invest in smart initiatives such as smart economy, smart buildings, smart mobility, smart energy, smart information communication and technology, smart planning, smart citizen and smart governance. MMRDA envisages developing MMR as an region that focuses on service provision to its citizen through a robust public & private sector collaboration model that embeds technology to integrate multiple infrastructure services for efficient operational bringing in revolutionary improvement in quality of life with sustainable inclusive approach. 3. Vision Smart BKC 1.0 Bandra Kurla Complex (BKC) was developed by MMRDA to create a State of the art financial and business hub. Bandra-Kurla Complex is being developed to decongest/decentralize further concentration of offices and commercial activities in South Mumbai. It facilitates built up space for operation of financial services, information technology and other ancillary services in the Bandra-Kurla Complex. Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC) is one of the prime growth centre of Mumbai for which MMRDA is the "Special Planning Authority". Today, the complex enjoys a numero one status due to the proximity to airport and other bankinig sector. The complex is already providing more than two lakh jobs and is a magnet to absorb future growth of offices and commercial activities. The Authority has developed 19 hectares of land (E Block) with the presence of prominent institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India, Income Tax, Sales

The Utilitarian Art of the Mesolithic Age

The Utilitarian Art of the Mesolithic Age Otherwise known as Middle Stone Age, the Mesolithic Age covered a brief span of around 2,000 years. While it served as an important bridge between the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages, the art of this period was, well, sort of boring. From this distance, its not nearly as fascinating as the discovery of (and innovations in) the art of the preceding era. And the art of the subsequent Neolithic era is exponentially diverse, besides being more well-preserved and offering us thousands of examples of itself, instead of a handful. Still, lets briefly cover the artistic events of the Mesolithic Age because, after all, its a distinct era from any other. Animal Husbandry During this period, most of the glacial ice in the Northern Hemisphere had retreated, leaving behind geography and climates familiar to us in the present day. Along with the glaciers, certain foods disappeared (the wooly mammoth, for example) and the migration patterns of others (reindeer) changed as well. People gradually adapted, assisted by the facts that more temperate weather and diverse edible plants were there to aid in survival. Since humans didnt have to live in caves or follow herds any longer, this era saw the beginnings of both settled communities and farming. The Mesolithic Age also saw the invention of the bow and arrow, pottery for food storage and the domestication of a few animals- either for food or, in the case of dogs, for help in the hunting of food. MesolithicArt Pottery was beginning to be produced at this time, though it was mostly utilitarian in design. In other words, a pot just needed to hold water or grain, not necessarily exist as a feast for the eyes. The artistic designs were mainly left up to later peoples to create. The portable statuary of the Upper Paleolithic was largely absent during the Mesolithic Age. This is likely a result of people settling down and no longer requiring art that could travel. Since the invention of the arrow had occurred, much of this periods carving time seems to have been spent knapping flint, obsidian and other minerals which lent themselves to sharp, pointy tips. The most interesting Mesolithic Age art that we know of consists of rock paintings. Similar in nature to the Paleolithic cave paintings, these moved out of doors to vertical cliffs or walls of natural rock, often semi-protected by outcroppings or overhangs. Though these rock paintings have been found in locations ranging from the far north in Europe to southern Africa, as well as elsewhere around the globe, the largest concentration of them exists in eastern Spains Levant. While no one can say with certainty, the theory exists that the paintings locations werent chosen at random. The spots may have held sacred, magical or religious significance. Very often, a rock painting exists within close proximity to a different, more suitable spot upon which to paint. Characteristics of Mesolithic Art Between the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic eras, the biggest shift in painting occurred in the subject matter. Where cave paintings overwhelmingly depicted animals, rock paintings were usually of human groupings. The painted humans typically seem to be engaged in either hunting or rituals whose purposes have been lost to time. Far from being realistic, the humans shown in rock painting are highly stylized, rather like glorified stick figures. These humans look more like pictographs than pictures, and some historians feel they represent the primitive beginnings of writing (i.e.: hieroglyphs). Very often the groupings of figures are painted in repetitive patterns, which results in a nice sense of rhythm (even if were not sure what theyre meant to be doing, exactly).

Final Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Research paper - Essay Example The most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and the like. Eating disorder may affect both male and female (NIMH, 2011). The research, therefore, is about the factors influencing the eating disorders in both men and women in the society. Types of Disorders Eating disorders are common and treatable illnesses. They always go hand in hand with substance abuse, depression, or disorders of anxiety. If these symptoms of the eating disorders are not properly treated, they can pose a threat to life and, therefore, people with eating disorders need to seek medical attention or they are likely to die earlier than other individuals of the same age. There are different types such disorders: bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and anorexia nervosa. When people have anorexia nervosa, they think they are overweight when in truth they are clearly underweight. Weight control and eating food will always be an obsession. People with anorexia are alw ays seen weighing themselves frequently, measuring food carefully, and eating extremely small portions of food. People with this illness always engage in excessive exercising, inducing vomiting, and misuses of laxatives or enemas. People with anorexia nervosa are characterized by extreme thinness, intense fear of weight gain, distorted body image, low self-esteem, irregular menstruations (or lack of them) in young girls, and eating according to an extremely restricted diet. Anorexic individuals recover when treated properly. However, there are some who will always have relapses and some who have a chronic illness, so their health deteriorates overtime (NIMH, 2011). Bulimia nervosa is another example of eating disorder. An ill person regularly eats large quantities of food and is not able to control these episodes. The illness is often accompanied by such behaviors as self-induced vomiting, overeating, excessive use of laxatives, fasting, extreme exercises, or a combination of these behaviors. Bulimic individuals are usually healthy and have normal weight, but they desperately want to lose weight and are extremely unhappy about their body size and shape. They always perform these behaviors secretly, because they are shameful acts accompanied by feelings of disgust. The binge-eating has the following characteristics: sore throat that is inflamed, salivary glands that are swollen in the jaw area and neck, sensitive teeth that are decaying due to exposure to stomach acid, gastrointestinal problems, severe dehydration due to purging fluids, and electrolyte imbalance that may lead to a heart attack. The binge eating always occurs from several times a day to many times a week (NIMH, 2011). The final example of an eating disorder is the binge-eating disorder. An ill person is not able to control his or her eating habits. A person with the binge-eating disorder is often overweight or obese. Such a person is at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular problems and hig h blood pressure problems. This may result to a heart attack. These people always feel guilt, shame, and stress about their habits, which results in more binge-eating (NIMH, 2011). Risk Factors of Eating Disorders There are many factors that contribute to the development of eating disorders. They are sex, age, ethnic factors, socioeconomic factors, personality disorders and even emotional disorders. Weight, body image disorders and eve

Improving University of Bridgeport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Improving University of Bridgeport - Essay Example This causes me to be late for classes and I have had to miss a few tests in the process as I was locked out. This has been a problem for a while and I have asked for help in this regard but to no avail. As I drive a long distance, I am forced to set aside time to find parking space. I have had to face ticketing problems with police especially as there are sometimes no parking rules during emergencies. This makes it necessary for me to leave much earlier than I would have to if there was an adequate parking area. Many of my classes begin as early as 7.30 a.m. and hence I need to leave very early in order to make it in time. I think if the University can allot adequate designated parking areas for students it would make life much easier for students like me. Another problem I frequently face is that I do not get enough computer time for my research activities. There are always students waiting to find a free computer in the library, and a long wait for a computer terminal to get free is inevitable on most days. As mentioned before I do not live on campus and hence need to leave at reasonable hours. If the number of computers in the library could be increased, it could ease this problem faced by many of my colleagues too. I do hope you will look into the matter and find a solution

Correlation of the light scattering properties of transparent Dissertation

Correlation of the light scattering properties of transparent conducting oxides to PV efficiency - Dissertation Example As the results show that, there is a difference between the thicknesses of the two samples, the difference between thicknesses of the two samples is due to the passes, as 236 has 18 passes and 238 has 20 passes. The more the number of passes the more will be the thickness of the surface. At 870 nm wavelength of light, the transmission remains at 79.7%, Hf (Io) is 2.5%, Hf (T) is 3.1%, Hr (Io) is 1.9%, Hr (Sp) is 40.5%, Is remains at 2.8% while absorption is 15.5%. As the wavelength decreases to 627 nm, the transmission increases to 80.3%, Hf (Io) increases to 4.6%, Hf (T) increases to 5.7%, Is increases to 9.2% while Hr (Io) decreases to 1.4%, Hr (Sp) decreases to 13.0% and absorption decreases to 9.2%. As the wavelength decreases to 530 nm, the transmission decreases to 77.9%, Is decreases to 8.3% while Hf (Io) increases to 7.1%, Hf (T) increases to 9.1%, Hr (Io) increases to 2.1%, Hr (Sp) increases to 20.0% and absorption increases to 11.7%. As the wavelength decreases to 455 nm, the transmission decreases to 74.3%, Is decreases to 5.1% while Hf (Io) increases to 13.1%, Hf (T) increases to 17.6%, Hr (Io) increases to 4.2%, Hr (Sp) increases to 45.0% and absorption increases to 16.4%.... As the wavelength decreases to 455 nm, the transmission decreases to 74.3%, Hf (Io) increases to 17.8%, Hf (T) increases to 24.0%, Hr (Io) increases to 5.7%, Hr (Sp) increases to 59.0%, absorption increases to 16.1% while Is decreases to 4.0%. And for sample 238 Wavelength Transmission Hf (Io) Hf (T) Hr (Io) Hr (Sp) Is Abs 870 82.4% 2.0% 2.4% 1.5% 11.2% 11.5% 4.6% 627 81.1% 6.3% 7.8% 2.9% 28.6% 7.3% 8.7% 530 78.0% 10.2% 13.0% 3.4% 34.8% 6.4% 12.3% 455 74.3% 17.8% 24.0% 5.7% 59.0% 4.0% 16.1% B- Transmission as a function of wavelength: For sample 238, the transmission is directly proportion to the wavelength of the projected light. As the wavelength increases, the percentage transmission increases but a rapid increase in the percentage transmission can be seen by the projection of light from wavelength of 455nm to 627nm. But for the sample 236, the percentage transmission increases in response to the light projection having wavelength from 455nm to 627nm and from 627nm to 870nm, the p ercentage transmission decreases from 80.2% to 79.8%. The little decrease in the percentage transmission provides great characteristics to indentify the material. Figure show transmission with respect to wavelength for sample 238. Figure show transmission with respect to wavelength for sample 236. C- Summery The thickness of the thin film influences the percentage transmission. As the sample 238 has less thickness as compared to the sample 236. The efficiency in terms of percentage transmission for the sample 238 is more than the sample 236. With the help of optical scattering system, which utilizes different wavelengths of light to analyze the optical properties of the thin film, it

Tourism Transport Travel

Tourism Transport Travel Introduction Tourism world over cannot exist in isolation from transport and therefore it can be stated in other terms that there is a strong positive correlation between tourism and transport The improvement or modernization of transport or deterioration of the same has a direct impact tourism. The history of tourism and that of transport provides a clear understanding of this shared relationship. Transportation can be discussed without taking tourism into consideration but clearly tourism cannot thrive without travel. Transportation is an essential part of tourism industry and is principally due to the improvements of transportation that tourism has expanded. (Rethinking the role of transportation in tourism, 2005). Historical background Before the key technical transformations brought about by the industrial revolution towards the end of the 18th century, no forms of motorized transportation existed by then. Transport technology was mainly limited to harnessing of beasts of burden for land transport and to wind for maritime transport. The transported output volumes were very limited and similarly the speed at which people and freight were moving. The average over the land speed by horse was between 8 to 15 kilometers per hour and maritime speeds were scarcely above these figures. Under those conditions, it was stilln early to start talking of tourism, but rather of a beginning of state of mobility of people. The beginning of the act of going places purely to experience the surrounding can be explained by the gradual transport improvement of transport technology. It was during the industrial revolution those massive modifications of transport systems and consequently that of exploration of new lands that finally gave rise to the spirit of tourism. Role of transport in tourism Transportation links diverse destinations and ferries people commodities and services between these places. Tourism is much about travel and therefore the role of transportation in its operation is vital. The advent of air travel has shrunk the world and the motor vehicle have made traveling anywhere a possibility this reality together with changing work patterns and innovative marketing have propelled international mass tourism throughout the years. Culpan(1987,p546) identified transportation mode and management as: â€Å"important ingredient of international tourism system,† acknowledging that connection by air, sea and land is essential for the operations as well as the availability of support services like fuel stations , auto repair, motels and rest facilities for land travel. Advances in transportation have widely eased travel. Without fear of contradiction it can be sufficiently stated that widespread growth of nature tours can be attributed to the ease and availability of modern transport. Croall (1995, p1) criticizes what he calls the image of tourism. Transportation in tourism is just seen as a part of tourism system for bringing tourists to their destinations and leaving those destinations once the duration is over. Page and Lumsdon (2004) agrees that transportation system of a tourist destination has an impact on the tourism experience which explains how people travel, their choice on forms of holiday, destination and transport mode. The improvement of modes of transportation coupled with low fares has seen accessibility of areas once seen as off-the-beaten-path rise. Access to a specific tourism site differ according to the nature of the site , state of infrastructure, and the efficiency of public transport system. Transport policies. Transport policies and government decisions can make a ruling on the destinations available to tourists. Failure of public sector to cope with demand concerning transport infrastructures may mean lack of tourism development in such areas. Tourism can use different transport modes. Car travel is the most widely used and the most dominant in the world tourism notably due to its flexibility, price and independence with the availability of cars at even cheaper prices means an increase in availability of this mode of transport and hence the growth of tourist volume. Rail travel is another transport mode used by tourists. With the introduction of high speed electric trains as compared to the old locomotive steam engines transport is made faster more reliable and comfortable and this contributes positively to the tourism sector. Air transport is the most effective in terms of speed but due to the high cost only a small proportion of people worldwide use it. Long journeys can be made in a mi nimal time and with this a tourist can afford to visit different places in a limited time if the cost factor is ignored. Conclusion Traveling has and will always be an important aspect of any given society. The explorers travel to experience new fronts in term of geographical regions, to look for new markets and also to exploit resources. Tourism as monetary activity is characterized by high levels of flexibility. Since transport costs are significant factors affecting international transportation, demand is strongly affected by the fluctuations of costs. Therefore we can say that transport is the chief element in the tourism industry. The improved transport facilities have stimulated tourism and in turn the expansion of tourism industry has stimulated transport. Accessibility is the principal function behind the fundamentals of tourism industry. Air transport plays a dominant role in the inter-regional transport movement of tourists that entails movement over long distances. Growth rates of global air traffic are attached with those of international tourism. Tourism being dependent on travel services means that travel flows should be designed in a way to accommodate tourism. Infact this should be given priority considering that tourism is increasingly becoming a leading income generating activity for the government in many countries today. Whole communities within African and European regions are depending directly or indirectly on tourism activities like the drivers, hoteliers, sculptors among others, thus their lives are linked to tourism development. The government of any given country for instance should begin by decongesting the tourism traffic flow pathways like paving roads, traffic decongestion on roads, quick issuance of travel documents and quick clearance at the airport. Furthermore competitions among developing countries for tourism will be an integral of the improvement in transport sector. A country with a good transport infrastructure will compete favorably with others and vice versa. References (2005). Rethinking the role of transportation in tourism. Eden Soripia. Vol. 5. pp 1767. Culpan. R. (1987).International Tourism Model for Developing Economies, Annals of Toursm Research, vol.14, 541. Page,S. and L.Lumsdon (eds.) (2004) Tourism and Transport: Issues and Agenda for the New Millennium, Elsevier, Boston. Weaver,D. and Lawton, L. (2002) Tourism management, John Wiley and Sons Australia Ltd. Queensland. Coleman, C. (1997) Tourist traffic in English Ntional parks. An innovative approach to management, The journal of tourism studies, vol.8, No. 1, 2-15. Rodrigue.J.P, (1998). The geography of transport. Historical geography of transportation New York: Routledge Duval. D.T., (2007). Tourism and Transport: Mode Network and Flows. Channel View. Palhares, G.L. (2003). International Journal of Tourism Research. Wiley. Great Britain. Vol.5. Part 5. Cooper, C., Fletcher, G., Fyall, A., Gilbert, D. (2006). Tourism principles and practices. Great Britain. pp.140 Zeppel, H.(1996). Sustainable tourism: Aboriginal Tourism in Australia Harp,B.M. (1988). Tourism Without Transport. France. pp140. Vashmi, C (1996) Indian Ocean transport versus tourism. India. Bindra press vol.1. 125 Christopher, D. (2000). Tourism and Transport Revisited. Britain. p120.

Analysis of Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels :: Gullivers Travels Essays

Gulliver's Travels Many of the critics who have critiqued Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels have used the word extraneous more then once.   Swift was viewed as an insane person who was a failure in life.   But this is far from the truth.   Swift wrote Gulliver's Travels, a book that has been assigned to students for years, and it is written from experience.   Swift's experience with the Tories and their conflicts with the Whigs caused him to write books that mock religious beliefs, government, or people with views differing from his own.   In one of these books, Gulliver's Travels, Swift criticizes the corruption of the English government, society, science, religion, and man in general.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Gulliver's first travel, in which he visited Lilliput, Gulliver is faced with the minute people, called Lilliputians.   Now while this is the premise for a fantasy story, Swift uses the events within to make severe criticisms of England between reigns of Queen Anne and George the first.   The people of Lilliput are about six inches tall, and there size signifies that their motives, acts, and humanity are in the same, dwarfish (Long 276).   In this section, the royal palace is accidentally set on fire, containing the empress inside.   Instead of making his way across town, to the ocean, squashing the people of Lilliput as he goes, Gulliver makes use of his urine to save the palace.   While this vulgar episode was a display of bravery, it infuriated the emperor, causing revenge to be vowed on Gulliver.   Rather then be happy that both the emperor and the palace are not in ruin, the littleness of the government and the people in general is displayed in this act.   Another display of this is the fact that Gulliver is used as the Emperor's absolute weapon, but the emperor only uses him to conquer his world of two islands.   This makes the emperor's ambition seem extremely low (Bloom, Interpretations 84-5).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Swift also criticizes the religious beliefs of the Lilliputians and England in the first story.   In Lilliput, Ministers were chosen strictly on agility, or their ability to walk a tightrope or stick jumping.   They were able to maintain their rank of minister as long as they could keep these defeating these tasks (Swift, Writings 89).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The political parties of the English government are represented by the conservative High Heels who depict the Tories, and the progressive Low Heels, or Whigs.

An Interview With a Relative

Welcome to the blue collar city of Buffalo, New York. I find myself in my great Uncle Wills old brick home in the center of South Buffalo. The house has the familiar smell of old people, in the foyer are a pair of work boots the leather old and worn, the soles nearly depleted. A layer of dust has formed on the boots that have remained untouched for decades. As I move closer to the kitchen I can hear the recognizable sound of stainless steel clinking on ceramic, the rhythmic noise can only be one thing; Uncle Will’s stirring his ever present cup of joe. I know this interview is going to take a bit so I head to the fridge to find a cold beverage. Inside the fridge, prune juice I thought â€Å"ugh†, tap water will do. My Uncle begins by interviewing me. Uncle Will is curious to know how I’m doing in school and if I like living in Kansas. We talk about family, cars and pets(he has a very fat cat). I don’t want this interview to be formal and stiff so I casually guide the conversation to his earlier years. I want to ask him about WWII but this is not what I want to focus on. I do ask about his service in the United States Army just to get an idea of how his time in the army prepared him for entering the job market. In his tour of duty he saw himself promoted three times, eventually to the rank of Captain and led a company of sixty men. This is all I want to know of his brief military service. I ask about his homecoming and the first thing he mentions is the excellent growth the economy in Buffalo has made, â€Å"it was as if the depression never happened† he says with a half smile and a look of satisfaction. The best thing is not only was the city of Buffalo prospering the entire nation from the Atlantic to the Pacific was too. I sit quiet and attentive just letting him talk. It’s like a history lecture only it’s just me front and center, completely interested in the subject. I want to know more about Buffalo and the jobs available to him so I implore. â€Å"You could just see the smiles on everyone’s faces, people walking with a bounce in their step† he tells me. The reason for the smiling faces was that Buffalo was home to Bethlehem Steel the second largest steel producer in the nation. Bethlehem Steel employed tens of thousands of the city’s people they offered good wages and a unionized work force, these things kept the grins ear to ear. The steel was mainly sent to Detroit to fuel the auto industries record sales. The primary means to transport the steel was the railroad and this is where Uncle Will found his calling. He was hired for the job almost immediately. His time leading troops in combat made him the top choice for the conductor position. Old Will describes his new job as â€Å"Love at First sight†. Will adored the sound of the methodic turning of the locomotives wheels, the hustle and bustle of the train yard and the fact that he had the privilege to literally drive the economy in a 200 ton, 7000 horsepower machine. â€Å"The most efficient means of transportation, steel on steel,† he says proudly. He now commanded trains with at least sixty box cars just like the company of soldiers he led just a short while ago. Uncle Will informs me that though the job often kept him away a lot with trips to Chicago and other mid-western cities he was proud to be transporting the materials to help the U. S prosper. He coveted every moment he spent with his locomotive the diesel powered Dual-Service Erie-Built Train Master, â€Å"I called her Audrey after Audrey Hepburn, they showed her movies to us in the service† Uncle Will laughs as he finishes his statement. Audrey was navigating her way through the extensive network of railways across the country and with that even I feel a bit of admiration of the industry. His devotion to the train industry is fascinating. I ask him to tell me more about his duties as a conductor. The conductor has the duty of accelerating, breaking, changing tracks and supervising the crew, pretty important,† he adds with a chuckle. His days on the helm of the locomotive began to blur together days became months and months turned to years but he says â€Å" every time I pushed the accelerator I still had that goose bump sensation I felt the first time I pushed her to full speed. † Buffalo was still enjoying economic growth through the sixti es still thriving on America’s appetite for steel. In the late sixties as my Uncle explained he noticed a change, less noise at the rail yard the sound of wheels turning was less prevalent the methodic rhythm slowing down just like buffalo’s economy. Everyone could sense the change and the smiles began to fade. I want to know the reason for this change in demand. Uncle Will proclaimed with anger in his voice â€Å"Foreign steel was being imported from places like China and Korea. It was much cheaper and industry wants to save money. † The lack of demand for Buffalo’s number one export closed the doors of Bethlehem and Republic Steel. Thousand lost their jobs. â€Å"You could call this moment in time the death of our city â€Å"he adds. This was and is the beginning of the continual decline of the Queen City. Uncle Will was right unemployment rates were 6% and today is 9. 6% according to the New York State Department of Labor (www. labor. state. ny. us). This downturn affected all subsequent history. Unemployment caused crime rates to rise, drug use was rampant on the east side of town and it was spreading at a rapid rate. Today buffalo is littered with abandoned homes even ornate Roman Catholic churches have seen their doors and windows boarded up. â€Å"The city as I knew it was gone† with these words I hear a solemn sigh. I wanted this interview to be about how the railroad industry affected his life however by the way it started I should have known the interview was just a means for Uncle Will to tell me about the city he watched grow to greatness and the sadness it brings him to watch its decline. I peer out the window there is a light blanket of snow covering the concrete and the small bush he has in his front yard. It looks pretty and peaceful but looks can be deceiving. Uncle Will mention’s that even in his neighborhood crime was creeping in â€Å"the house just two doors down was burglarized just a week ago† he proclaims with a deep sadness in his eyes. I look closer at Uncle William’s face tired and worn like the work boots in the front hall, his soul wearing away. This man has done so much in his life he volunteered when his country needed him and guided trains on the veins of Buffalo, pumping its blood of steel around the fledging nation. Without sadness there cannot be joy and without depression there cannot be growth. Unfortunately this weary old man is still sitting in his old red recliner coffee cup in hand staring out the window at the city streets once home to the laughter of playing children now quiet and desolate. He says â€Å"I’d leave this place but there are too many memories in this old house, too many memories in this old city. †

Hurdles Impeding Development of Pakistan Essay

Scarred from birth, Pakistan’s quest for survival has been as compelling as it has been uncertain. Pakistan cycled through a number of phases of development through its beginning Political, Social and Economic crises. The politicians were corrupt, interested in maintaining their political power and securing the interests of the elite, so to have them as the representative authority did not provide much hope of a democratic state that provided socio-economic justice and fair administration to all Pakistani citizens. Ranging controversies over the issue of the national language, the role of Islam, provincial representation, and the distribution of power between the center and the provinces delayed constitution making and postponed general elections, thus putting Pakistan into a certain situation of uncertainty right from the start. Poverty Poverty remains a serious concern in Pakistan. A large segment of the population lives in poverty. According to the rebased GDP numbers, the per capita income comes to US$720. Poverty rates, which had fallen substantially in the 1980s and early 1990s, started to rise again toward the end of the decade. More importantly, differences in income per capita across regions have persisted or widened. At the time of independence Pakistan suffered an unjust wealth distribution which marked its development or a long time. Pakistan has grown much more than other lowincome countries, but has failed to achieve social progress commensurate with its economic growth. The educated and well-off urban population lives not so differently from their counterparts in other countries of similar income range. However, the poor and rural inhabitants of Pakistan are being left behind. For example, access to sanitation in Pakistan in rural areas is 30% lower than in other countries with similar income. Solution & suggestions to this issue is †¢ Alternate means of energy production, like solar lights, neculer energy other minerals †¢ Small loans and small business (e. g Greaming bank in Bangladesh who give small loans start from a small village and now its owner got noble price for his ideas and polices in micro economics) †¢ More evelopment projects from government specially focus on their maintains & consistence. India – A constant threat Pakistan has also been burdened by full-scale wars with India, a strategically exposed northwestern frontier, and series of economic crises. It has difficulty allocating its scarce economic and natural resources in an equitable manner. All of Pakistan’s struggles underpin the dilemma they face in reconciling the goal of national integration with the imperatives of national security. Peace in this region of the world is sorely needed; but he process is easier said than done. Many obstacles internal and external continue to impede the progress of peace. Solution & suggestions to this issue is †¢ Encourage peace and peace talks with India †¢ Break the ideology of HINDU’S are like this and that (BANIYA etc ) Sad State of Judiciary Under the leadership of General Pervez Musharraf, the military has claimed its central position in Pakistan’s state structure and political scene. Similar to the present situation Judiciary has never been free to operate in Pakistan. The judiciary of Pakistan has abdicated their duty to protect the laws as well as the citizens of the country. The concept of a totally controlled judiciary was achieved by the rulers or ruling parties. Several judgments by the High Courts and Supreme Courts have shown how well the objective has been achieved. Even the Supreme courts are not independent. For example, Governor of Sindh, Mr. Isharat ul Ibad was behind the bars few days before he took the oath, all cases vaporized in air. The accountability cases against Nawaz Sharif and Benazir are also ridicule to the system. Culture Differences The ruins of ancient civilizations at Mohenjodaro and at Harappa in the southern Indus Valley testify to the existence of an advanced urban civilization that flourished in what is now Pakistan in the second half of the third millennium BC during the same period as the major riverain civilizations in Mesopotamia and Persia. This area has on the course of time seen almost every sort of government from democracy to monarchy, has been invaded a number of times, settled and resettle. Solution & suggestions to this issue is †¢ Should be according to local and domestic values, norms and practices Language Issues Despite the shared religion of its overwhelmingly Muslim population, Pakistan has been engaged in a precarious struggle to define a national identity and evolve a politico economic system for its linguistically diverse population. Pakistan is known to have over twenty languages and over 300 distinct dialects, Urdu and English are the official languages but Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashtu, Baluchi and Seraiki are considered main languages. This diversity has caused chronic regional tensions and successive failures in forming a constitution, laws and finally a mutually shared mode of living. Although Urdu was nominated as Pakistan’s National Language yet the number of people speaking URDU as a mother tongue was very low. This generated a huge gap between the common people of the country and its systems. It is an irony that a vast majority of Pakistan’s population can’t understand it own National Anthem, by viewing this, its easy to view the barriers which every person in Paksitan has faced in order to form a link with its systems and structures thus contributing little to the development. Solution & suggestions to this issue is †¢ Focus on regional language , should be taught at least till primary level Tribal and Provincial Issues The government’s perceived bias towards Punjab, the country’s most affluent province, has caused disgruntlement amongst the underdeveloped yet resource rich provinces. This bias has contributed to an escalating rebellion by tribal militias in Baluchistan. Militias have been engaged in guerrilla warfare with the Pakistani army, whose resources are already stretched between counter-terrorism activities and Kashmir. Tribal militias have been sabotaging strategic infrastructure, such as natural gas lines. Muslim extremism and sectarian violence are fundamental threats to Pakistan’s political stability. Sunni-Shi’a violence along with frequent anti-western street protests and violence are common, particularly in Karachi. Pakistani forces have also been largely unable to defeat Taliban militants who operate with impunity in the areas bordering Afghanistan. FATA is such a great example of military failure, an area with in the country but out of the reach from the countrymen even the military. The militants have such a strong hold that they can every handled on their own terms, they are well equipped as well as informed, as seen in latest events, it seems as if Bugti tribe was as equipped as the Army itself. Religion and Sectarian issues Pakistan’s political instability over time has been matched by a fierce ideological debate about the form of government it should adopt, Islamic or secular. In the absence of any nationally based political party, Pakistan has long had to rely on the civil service and the army to maintain the continuities of government. It was a daunting task to build a nationstate whose peoples had only one uniting factors—their abiding faith in Islam. Other than that, there was nothing to bind them together as a nation. Subsequent political developments in Pakistan clearly showed that even the â€Å"abiding faith in Islam was merely a mirage,† not a solid factor of integration and development as there is a list of sectarian Issues Pakistanis are suffering from. Geographical issues Following a military defeat at the hands of India the breakaway of its eastern territory, which India divides it from, caused the establishment of Bangladesh in 1971. This situation epitomizes the most dramatic manifestation of Pakistan’s dilemma as a decentralized nation. All forms of developments in Pakistan continue to be marred by provincial jealousies and, in particular, by the deep resentments in the smaller provinces of Sind, Baluchistan, and the North-West Frontier Province against what is seen to be a monopoly by the Punjabi majority of the benefits of power, profit, and patronage. Constitution Discrimination & Minorities Rights Pakistan is perhaps the most notorious political enigma in the second half of he 20th century. Perhaps, the most lamentable feature of our existence as a nation is that we do not know what we are. National identity is not primarily definable in terms of a people occupying a sovereign geographical territory. Existentially, identity is premised on ideology and social values. Both are noticeably in abeyance in Pakistan. This is a state without ideological ballast, without a lodestar. The people who are being called minorities, how we can expect loyalty from them after the treatment they are given? In history we see Hindus were under Muslim rule for so long yet the first chance they got they joined British, the reason was only that they had no loyalty to the state. If in Pakistan the minorities would keep receiving such treatment there is not much less hope of any loyalty to the state either. Human Rights Pakistan remains heavily dependent on the United States for economic and military aid. The U. S. has notably failed to press for human rights-related legal reform in the country, in exchange for Pakistan’s support in the U. S. led â€Å"war on terror. â€Å" For its part, the government of Pakistan has excused its failure to uphold human rights and the rule of law by citing domestic political pressure from hard-line religious groups and militant organizations. Pakistan’s record of ratifying principal international human rights treaties remains poor. To date, it is signatory to only five international conventions, and has signed neither the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights nor the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.